What is Exosomes?
Exosomes are small, membrane-bound vesicles released by cells into the extracellular environment. These tiny structures, ranging from 30 to 150 nanometres in diameter, are packed with proteins, lipids, and genetic material. They play a crucial role in cell-to-cell communication, influencing various physiological processes such as immune responses, tissue repair, and even tumour progression. By acting as carriers of molecular messages, exosomes have garnered significant interest for their potential in diagnostics and therapeutic applications.
What are other names for Exosomes?
Exosomes are also referred to as extracellular vesicles or EVs, a term that encompasses various types of membrane-bound particles released by cells. Additionally, they may be called microvesicles, although this term sometimes specifically describes slightly larger vesicles than exosomes. Regardless of the nomenclature, the essential feature remains their role in mediating communication between cells, transporting vital biological information across the body.
How Do Exosomes Work?
Exosomes function by transferring their cargo of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids to recipient cells, thereby modulating cellular functions and responses. They are formed within the endosomal compartment of cells and released into the extracellular space when multivesicular bodies fuse with the plasma membrane. Once released, exosomes can travel through bodily fluids like blood and cerebrospinal fluid to distant cells. By merging with or being endocytosed by recipient cells, exosomes deliver their molecular payload, which can influence processes such as gene expression, signalling pathways, and even cell behaviour, showcasing their therapeutic potential.
